1. What is money:
According to the definition of money according to Marx’s money theory: money is a special commodity that acts as a general equivalent. This definition contains three meanings: (1) currency is a general equivalent; (2) only commodities are eligible to act as currency; (3) commodities that act as currency are separated from thousands of commodities and serve as currency functions special merchandise. This definition by Marx emphasizes the basic functions of money – the measure of value and means of circulation. As a general equivalent, currency can measure the value of all commodities and can be exchanged with any commodity. Owning currency means owning the same amount of social wealth. The reason why currency has the above functions is because it is also a commodity. Only commodities have value, and can use their own value to measure the value of other commodities, and express the value of other commodities through their own use value. Therefore, money is a “special commodity”. Obviously, the currency analyzed by Marx is the metal standard system and the currency before it. The typical representative is gold and silver coins. They are currency and commodities at the same time because of their excellent physical characteristics such as small size, high value, and easy division. It is separated from many commodities and becomes a “general equivalent” to perform the function of currency. After the collapse of the gold standard, that is, since the 1940s, credit currency has gradually replaced metal currency as the most important medium in circulation. Credit currency is not a commodity, but it is performing the function of currency. This is because credit currency has a good reputation. In the modern economy, the issuance and circulation of currencies of various countries (referring to credit currency–currently most countries in the world use credit currency) are guaranteed by national laws. In this sense, money is a real purchasing power. It can take banknotes as the carrier, electronic money or other as the carrier.
2. The function of currency:
When currency plays the role of general equivalent in the international market, it performs the function of world currency.
The development of international trade makes currency go abroad. In the economic exchanges of all countries in the world, currency acts as a general equivalent, mediating various transactions, and is a settlement tool for commodity transactions and labor service transactions, as well as a means of payment for government gifts and international loans.
Under the metal currency system, gold and silver can be freely imported and exported, and the gold and silver coins of almost all countries have the function of world currency. Under today’s fiduciary currency system, whether a country’s currency can go abroad mainly depends on the country’s economic strength and the degree of development of the financial market.
3. Take you to know foreign currency:
The main currencies are listed below. Since the euro [symbol developed by the International Organization for Standardization: EUR] has no banknotes in circulation, it will not be introduced for the time being.
U.S. dollar [Symbol developed by the International Organization for Standardization: USD] [pattern 1000 100 50 20 10]
The issuance right of the U.S. dollar (United States Dollar) belongs to the U.S. Treasury Department and the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank handles the specific issuance business. There are currently 7 denominations of banknotes in circulation, including 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, and 1 yuan, and there are also 1 yuan and 50, 25, 10, 5, and 1 cent coins. 1 dollar is equal to 100 cents (Cents). The banknotes currently in circulation in the United States refer to the 1928, 1934, 1935, 1950, 1953, 1963, 1966, 1969, 1974, 1977, 1981, and 1985 editions. The banknote size is 15.6 x 6.6 cm regardless of denomination. (The annual banknotes before 1922 are all 17.8 x 7.3 cm). The front of each bill features the name of the class, the name of the United States, the seal of the U.S. Treasury, and the signature of a Treasury Department official. The face of the dollar bill is a portrait of a well-known figure in American history, and the back is a picture. However, there is no picture on the back of the forehead of 500 and above, and the circulation is extremely limited. For all editions from 1963 onwards, the phrase IN GODWE TRUST (We believe in God) is printed above or below the screen on the back. In 1996, a banknote with a new type of anti-counterfeiting feature was issued, and the first issue was a 100-yuan note.
The central letters or Arabic numerals in the banknote pattern represent the state names of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks in the United States:
A-1 Massachusetts, Boston BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
B-2 New York State, New York City NEWYORK, NEWYORK
C-3 Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
D-4 Ohio, CLEVELAND, OHIO
E-5 Virginia, Richmond, VIRGINIA
F-6 Georgia, ATLANTA, GEORGIA
G-7 Illinois, Chicago CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
H-8 Missouri, STLOUIS STLOUIS, MISSOURI
I-9 MINNESOTA, MINNEAPOLIS MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
J-10 KANSAS, KANSASCITY KANSASCITY, KANSAS
K-11 TEXAS , Dallas DALLAS, TEXAS
L-12 California, San Francisco SANFRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
coins are cast with the words United States of America (UNITED STATES OF AMERICA) on the back of thecoin
.Yen) is issued by the Bank of Japan. The banknotes issued in Japan have denominations of 10000, 5000, 1000, 500, 100, 50, 10, 5, 1 yuan, etc., and 500, 100, 50, 10, 5, 1 yuan coins. 1 yen is equal to 100 kyats.
The characters on the front of Japanese banknotes all use Chinese characters (arranged in order from left to right), and the words “Bank of Japan Notes” are printed on the top of the middle. On the back, there are the words “NIPPONCINKO” (Bank of Japan) and the name of the currency unit “YEN” in Latin pinyin. All kinds of banknotes have no date of issue, and the person in charge of the issuing unit uses a seal, that is, a red “President’s Seal” and a “Board Issuing Director” stamp are printed on the face of the banknote.
On November 1, 1984, the Bank of Japan issued three new banknotes of 10,000, 5,000, and 1,000 yen. The 10,000-yen (Prince Shotoku statue), 5,000-yen (Prince Shotoku statue), 1,000-yen (Itobobun) and 500-yen (Iwakura visual) banknotes that were used in the past are still in circulation.
Pound Sterling [Symbol developed by the International Organization for Standardization: GBP] [Pattern 50 20 10]
Pound Sterling is the standard currency unit of the United Kingdom and is issued by the Bank of England. 1 pound is equal to 100 new pence. At present, there are 5, 10, 20 and 50 denominations of British pounds in circulation, and 1/2, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 new pence and 1 pound coins.
Hong Kong dollar [Symbol developed by the International Organization for Standardization: HKD] [Pattern 1000 500 100]
Hong Kong Dollar (Hong Kong Dollar) is mainly the British-funded Shanghai HSBC Bank (The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation) and Hong Kong Standard Chartered Bank (Standard Chartered Bank) and Issued by Bank of China.
The denominations of Hong Kong dollars currently in circulation in Hong Kong are: 1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, and 5 yuan banknotes, as well as 1 cent banknotes and 5, 2, 1 yuan and 5, 2, and 1 cent coins. 1 Hong Kong dollar is equal to 10 cents, and 1 cent is equal to 10 cents.
Australian dollar [symbol developed by the International Organization for Standardization: AUD] [pattern 100 50 20 10]
Australian Dollar (Australian Dollar) is the legal tender of the Commonwealth of Australia and is issued by the Reserve Bank of Australia. At present, there are banknotes of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 denominations in circulation in Australia, and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents. 1 Australian dollar is equal to 100 cents (Cents). All coins feature the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse.
Canadian dollar [symbol developed by the International Organization for Standardization: CAD] [pattern 1000 100 50]
The Canadian Dollar is issued by the Bank of Canada. There are eight denominations of Canadian banknotes, including 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 1,000 yuan. There are also 1 yuan and 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 cents coins. 1 yuan is equal to 100 points.
In 1935, Canada issued the first banknotes with the image of King George V; in 1937, the 1937 banknotes with the image of King George VI were issued; in 1954, the 1954 banknotes with the image of Queen Elizabeth II were issued; in 1970 New banknotes have been issued successively since August. Both old and new
banknotes are in circulation. The head of Queen Elizabeth II is cast on the front of the coin, and the English word “CANADA” of Canada is cast on the back.
Singapore dollar [symbol 
GP developed by the International Organization for Standardization] [pattern 10000 1000 500 100]
Singapore dollar (Singapore Dollar) is the currency of Singapore issued by the Bureau. The currencies currently in circulation in Singapore are: 10000, 1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 1 yuan and other denomination banknotes, and 1 yuan and 50, 20, 10, 5, 1 cent coins. 1 yuan is equal to 100 points. In Singapore banknotes, 20, 25, 500, and 10,000 yuan coupons each have one format; 1, 5, 10, and 50 yuan coupons each have two formats; 100 and 1,000 yuan coupons have three formats each. One is the banknote with orchid flower as the main pattern on the face; the other is the banknote with birds as the main pattern on the face; since 1984, banknotes with denominations of 100 and 1,000 yuan have been issued, and the main patterns on the front are various ships. The word “SINGAPORE” is printed prominently on the front and back of banknotes of YSHX yunshfx Yun Shang Hui Xin Limited various denominations, and a picture of “a standing lion supporting a star, a moon and a shield” is also printed on the front. A mix of old and new banknotes is used.
The 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents in the Singapore coinage each have two styles. Each coin is printed with the words Singapore (SINGAPORE)
Swiss franc [ISO symbol: CHF]
The Swiss Franc is issued by the Swiss National Bank. 1 Swiss franc is equal to 100 centimes (Cenlimes). There are currently six denominations of banknotes in circulation: 10, 20, 50, 100, and 1,000 francs; and nine denominations of minted coins: 1, 2, and 5 francs and 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents.
Malaysian Ringgit [symbol developed by ISO: MYR]
Malaysian Ringgit (Malaysian Ringgit) or Malaysian Dollar (Malaysian Dollar) is issued by Bank Negara Malaysia (Bank Negara Malaysia). The denominations of banknotes currently in circulation are 1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, and 1 ringgit, and there are also
1 yuan and 50, 20, 10, 5, and 1 cent coins. 1 Ringgit is equal to 100 Cents.
The banknotes of various formats are mainly decorated with the image of “Abdul Halim Muhazam”, the first head of state of Malaysia, on the front and the shield image of “moon, sun and deer” on the back; On the obverse of the coins are tall buildings and stars and moon patterns, and on the reverse are the words “MALAYSIA” in English in Malaysia.
